Glasnost+and+Perestroika

=﻿Glasnost and Perestroika 1995 =

alysa cannon

 * GLASNOST AND PERESTROIKA- SOVIET UNION, COLD WAR, EAST EUROPE, POLITICIAN CHANGE AND GORBACHEV **

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**Glasnost** ([|Russian] : гла́сность, IPA: [|[ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ]] ( [|listen] ) ,//Openness//) was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the[|Soviet Union], together with [|freedom of information] , introduced by [|Mikhail Gorbachev] in the second half of the 1980s.[|[1]] The word "glasnost" was first used in Russia at the end of 1850.[|[2]] The word was frequently used by Gorbachev to specify the policies he believed might help reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and the Soviet government, and moderate the abuse of administrative power in the[|Central Committee]. Russian [|human rights] activist and dissident [|Lyudmila Alexeyeva] explained glasnost as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open."[|[3]] Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less [|censorship] and greater freedom of information. * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|1 Areas of concern] While "glasnost" is associated with <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|freedom of speech], the main goal of this policy was to make the country's management transparent and open to debate, thus circumventing the narrow circle of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|apparatchiks] who previously exercised complete control of the economy. Through reviewing the past or by opening up the censored literature in the libraries<span style="background-image: none; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[4]][|[5]] and a greater freedom of speech: a radical change, as control of speech and suppression of government criticism had previously been a central part of the Soviet system. There was also a greater degree of freedom within the media. In the late 1980s, the Soviet government came under increased criticism, as did <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Leninist ideology] (which Gorbachev had attempted to preserve as the foundation for reform), and members of the Soviet population were more outspoken in their view that the Soviet government had become a failure. Glasnost did indeed provide freedom of expression, far beyond what Gorbachev had intended, and changed citizens' views towards the government, which played a key role in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; border-bottom: #aaaaaa 1px solid; color: #ff00ca; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"> Effects  == Relaxation of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|censorship] resulted in the Communist Party losing its grip on the<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|media]. Before long, much to the embarrassment of the authorities, the media began to expose severe social and economic problems which the Soviet government had long denied and covered up. Long-denied problems such as poor housing, food shortages, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|alcoholism], widespread pollution, creeping mortality rates and the second-rate position of women were now receiving increased attention. Not the least of what was covered up was the fact that Soviet leaders had killed between 25 and 60 million of their own people. <span style="background-image: none; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[6]] Moreover, under glasnost, the people were able to learn significantly more about the doings of the administration of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Joseph Stalin], including the purges and other previously classified activities. Although <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Nikita Khrushchev] denounced Stalin's <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|personality cult], information about the true proportions of his atrocities was still suppressed. In all, the very positive view of Soviet life which had long been presented to the public by the official media was being rapidly dismantled, and the negative aspects of life in the Soviet Union were brought into the spotlight. This began to undermine the faith of the public in the Soviet system. Political openness continued to produce <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|unintended consequences]. In<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|elections] to the regional assemblies of the Soviet Union's <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|constituent republics] ,<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|nationalists] swept the board. As Gorbachev had weakened the system of internal political repression, the ability of the USSR's central Moscow government to impose its will on the USSR's constituent republics had been largely undermined. During the 1980s, calls for greater independence from Moscow's rule grew louder. This was especially marked in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Baltic Republics] of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Estonia], <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Lithuania] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Latvia] , which had been annexed into the Soviet Union by <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Joseph Stalin] in 1940. Nationalist feeling also took hold in other Soviet republics such as <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Ukraine], <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Georgia] and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Azerbaijan]. Starting in the mid-1980s, the Baltic states used the reforms provided by glasnost to assert their rights to protect their environment (for example during the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Phosphorite War] ) and their historic monuments and, later, their claims to sovereignty and independence. When the Balts withstood outside threats, they exposed an irresolute <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Kremlin]. Bolstering separatism in other Soviet republics, the Balts triggered multiple challenges to the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Soviet Union]. Supported by Russian leader <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Boris Yeltsin], the Baltic republics asserted their sovereignty. The rise of nationalism under glasnost also reawakened simmering ethnic tensions throughout the union. For example, in February 1988, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Nagorno-Karabakh], a predominantly ethnic Armenian region in the Azerbaijan SSR, passed a resolution calling for unification with the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Armenian SSR] , which sparked the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Nagorno-Karabakh War]. The freedoms generated under glasnost enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|United States]. Restrictions on travel were loosened, allowing increased business and cultural contact. For example, one key meeting location was in the U.S. at the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Dakin Building], then owned by American <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|philanthropist] Henry Dakin, who had extensive Russian contacts: > During the late 1980s, as glasnost and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|perestroika] led to the liquidation of the Soviet empire, the Dakin building was the location for a series of groups facilitating United States-Russian contacts. They included the Center for U.S.-U.S.S.R. Initiatives, which helped more than 1000 Americans visit the Soviet Union and more than 100 then-Soviet citizens visit the U.S.<span style="background-image: none; backgroundclip: initial; backgroundorigin: initial; color: #0645ad; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[|[7]] While thousands of <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|political prisoners] and many <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|dissidents] were released in the spirit of glasnost, Gorbachev's original goal of using glasnost and perestroika to reform the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Soviet Union] was not achieved. In 1991, <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|the Soviet Union was dissolved] following a <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|failed coup] by conservative elements who were opposed to Gorbachev's reforms. In the world of professional sports, Glasnost led to the ability for athlet es to be freed from the shackles of playing only for their country in tournament events and seek professional employment opportunities elsewhere, provided they still played for the Soviet Union in international tournaments. The most visible area where this occurred was in professional hockey. Until now, any player from one of the Soviet countries wishing to play in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|National Hockey League] had to defect and seek political asylum in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|United States] or <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Canada]. The most infamous example of this was <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Alexander Mogilny] in <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|1989]. But thanks to Glasnost, many of the top players from the Soviet Union's Central Red Army team were allowed to compete with NHL teams. Though this came too late for super goalkeepers <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Vladislav Tretiak], many greats such as<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Viacheslav Fetisov] , <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;">[|Sergei Marakov] , <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Pavel Bure] , <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Alexei Kasatonov] , and <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Igor Larionov] would migrate to North America to play in the NHL, while also returning to Russia to play in international tournaments. This opened the door for eventual play of top players in the <span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|Winter Olympics] from all countries with the NHL suspending league play during that tournament every four years.
 * ==<span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-style: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px 0px 0.6em; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding: 0px; width: auto;">**Contents** ==
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|2 Effects]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|3 See also]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|4 Notes]
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">[|5 References] ||